Other research topics addressed by her research have included the impact of working conditions on interpreting accuracy.Īll of Sandra’s research has practical applications for interpreting training and practice, as well as for policy on court interpreting. Interpreters' maintenance of strategic investigative interview techniques, including rapport building, as well as their interpretation of vulgar and emotional language have also been key areas of investigation. Using a combination of experimental and discourse analytical methods, her most recent research has focused on different aspects of police and court interpreting, including the effect of interpreter education and background, language combination, interpreter mode and interpreter presence or remoteness on interpreter performance. The results of her studies shed light on the meaning of accuracy in legal settings and have led to the development of a model of court interpreting accuracy, informed by Pragmatic theory, which is now widely used as a basis for interpreting training and as a theoretical model for PhD research. Sandra is also among the few to have conducted experimental studies in the field. Using authentic court transcripts, her early research micro-analysed the discoursal interaction between the law, the non-English speaking witnesses, and the interpreters, with particular attention to the impact of the interpreters’ renditions on the effect of strategic questions and on juror evaluations of witness testimony. Her research has not only described current interpreting practices, but also tested their effect on judicial outcomes. Since then, her research has covered different aspects of legal interpreting, including issues of quality, accuracy, codes of ethics, role expectations, the impact of interpreters on legal proceedings, the perceptions of interpreters held by service providers and non-English speakers and the impact of working conditions on interpreter performance.Īs a pioneer in legal interpreting research, Sandra is one of the first in the world to conduct large data-based research of court interpreted proceedings, using a combination of innovative research methods that have been later adopted by other researchers.
Hale is a decorated veteran with six years of service in the U.S. In 1995, he was recognized by Attorney General Janet Reno as a “Hispanic hero serving America.” In 1990, Hale received the DEA Administrator’s Award, the agency’s highest recognition, for work that led to the seizure of hundreds of general aviation aircraft involved in cocaine transport throughout Bolivia, Peru and Colombia. From 1997 to 1998, Hale was assigned as the DEA intelligence chief at the U.S. Embassy in Bogotá, Colombia, and participated in the hunt for Medellín Cartel leader Pablo Escobar. During this period, he also served a tour of duty at the U.S. From 1990 to 1997, Hale had various assignments in Washington, D.C., including serving as chief of the Heroin Investigations Support Unit, chief of the Dangerous Drugs Intelligence Unit and liaison to the National Security Agency. Embassy in La Paz, Bolivia, from 1987 to 1990, during which he spearheaded the arrest of Roberto Suarez-Gomez, Bolivia's “King of Cocaine.” In 1989, he led DEA operations in Panama during Operations Blue Spoon and Just Cause, which led to the arrest of Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega.
He was the embassy intelligence coordinator at the U.S. From 1979 to 1987, he held posts with the agency in New Orleans, El Paso and Boston. Hale joined the DEA in 1979 while serving as a task force agent and narcotics officer detached from the Laredo Police Department. From 2000 to 2010, he held the position of chief of intelligence in the Houston Field Division of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), from which he retired in July 2010.
Hale is the nonresident fellow in drug policy and Mexico studies at the Baker Institute.
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